Medical Study point

Tabes dorsalis is a condition whereby there is degeneration of the dorsal columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord.   This occurs as a result of tertiary syphilis. Patient will experience all symptoms associated with dorsal column malfunction (lack of proprioception, ataxia during locomotion).   Patient will develop malformed joints (Charcot’s joints) due to lack of pain receptors, shooting pains, absence of deep tendon reflexes, and Argyll Robertson pupil that results from reaction to accommodation but not to light. 

Definition :- Known as “gigantism” in children, this is a condition where there is excess GH secreted from the pituitary gland. • Patient will have enlargement of hands, feet, facial features, deepening of voice, etc.  • These patients die earlier than the normal lifespan. • Normally, giving glucose would suppress GH levels, thus if giving glucose does NOT suppress the level of GH, a diagnosis of acromegaly can be made. 

Definition :- it is an acute inflammation of Lymphatics of skin and mucus membrane caused by Streptococcus pyogens. Pre disposing factor :- 1. Malnutrition 2. Poor hygiene 3. Chronic diseases 4. Children and old people are commonly affected. Site :- 1. Face 2. Eyelids 3. Scrotum 4. Umbilicus (in infants) Mode of entry of the microorganism :- 1. Abrasion 2. Scratch Clinical features :- 1. Rose pink color rashes(edges are red and button hole like consistency) 2. Vesicles appear on rash then serous discharge excreted from vesicle. 3. Swelling on affected part due to subcutaneous tissue oedema. 4. Margin- bright red in color. 5. Surface- raised 6. Brown color 7. Sign of Toxaemia Constitutional symptoms :- 1. Fever 2. Malaise Investigation :- 1. CBP with ESR 2. Bacteriology test of discharge 3. Blood sugar Complications :- 1. Toxaemia 2. Septicaemia 3. Gangrene of skin and subcutaneous tissue 4. Lymphoedema Treatment (Rx) :- 1. Injection crystalline penicilli

Definition :- it is an infection of hair follicle caused by staphylococcus aureus.  Causative organism:- Staphylococcus aureus Common site :-  1. Face 2. Head 3. Neck 4. Back 5. Axilla Pre disposing factors :- 1. Diabetes Melitus 2. Poor hygiene 3. Low immunity Clinical features :- 1. Painfull red indurated swelling 2. Tenderness 3. Oedema 4. Small pustule 5. If burst greenish discharge found Fate :- 1. Resolve 2. Abscess formation 3. Septicaemia 4. Pyemia 5. Cavernous sinus thrombosis Complications :- 1. Cellulitis 2. Infection of the regional lymph nodes Investigation :- 1. CBC 2. ESR 3. Blood sugar Treatment :- 1. Maintain hygiene 2. Improve general health 3. Remove the affected hair 4. Antibiotics- if multiple boils found usually not required.  5. After escape of pus the part should be clean 6. If recurrent boil appear exclude the diabetes

Definition :- A spreading inflammation of connective tissue. It is usually subcutaneous and caused by β-haemolytic Streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus. Causative organism(C.O) :- streptococcus pyogens ( β-haemolytic streptococci, streptococcus aureus)  Source of infection(S.O.I) :-  • wounds and injuries ‌• scratch ‌• snack or scorpion bite Common sites :- •‌ lower limbs ‌• face •‌ scrotum Clinical features(C/F) :- ‌• history of trauma ‌• pain:- constant & throbbing in nature Constitutional symptoms :- •‌ fever ‌• headache ‌• malaise ‌• loss of appetite ‌• Toxemia Sign :- ‌• redness ‌• affected part is warm ‌• swelling ‌• tenderness ‌• induration(localized hardening of the soft tissue of the body)  ‌• enlarge regional lymph nodes Investigations :- ‌• blood examination:- CBP with ESR ‌• urine routine microscopy ‌• Culture and sensitivity test of blood and puss Treatment :- ‌• rest and elevation of affected part ‌• glycerin magnesium sulphate dressing ‌• antibiotics (broad spectru

Definition:- It is an inflammation of Lacrimal sac due to the chronic obstruction of Nasolacrimal duct(NLD).  Causes:- the main cause of chronic Dacryocystits is obstruction of NLD. Causes of NLD obstruction:- 1. Foreign bodies 2. Stagnation of tears in tear sac 3. Recurrent conjunctivitis may block NLD by        epithelial debris and mucous plug.  4. Nasal polyp  5. Deviated nasal septum(DNS)  6. Tumour 7. Infection (streptococcus, staphylococcus,          pneumococcus)  Clinical features (C/F):- clinical features of Chronic Dacryocystits may be divided 4 stages.  1. Stage of chronic Cattarhal Dacryocystits 2. Stage of Lacrimal Mucocele 3. Stage of chronic Suppurative Dacryocystits 4. Stage of chronic Fibrotic Sac 1. Stage of chronic Cattarhal Dacryocystits:-     a. Watery eyes     b. Regurgitation test:- clear or mucoid fluid            discharge from lower puncta     c. Dacryocystography:- reveals blockage of            NLD 2. Stage of Lacrimal Mucocele:-      a. Constant epiphora

Definition:- presence of infective agent or their toxin into the blood stream with multiplication is called septicaemia.  Clinical features:- 1. Fever with rigor 2. Hypotension 3. Intravascular coagulation deffect 4. Petechial Haemorahge Mode of transmission:- 1. By direct into the blood vessels 2. By infected emboli 3. By direct discharge of infected lymph into          the blood stream.  Investigation:- 1. CBC(complete blood count)  2. ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)  3. Blood culture and sensitivity test 4. Bacteriological examination of blood Treatment:- 1. Immediate administration of suitable                  antibiotics(e.g. aminoglycoside,                            metronidazole etc.)  2. Use of antipyretic drugs 3. Use of IV(intravenous) fluids 4. Blood transfusion in severe cases 5. Hydrocortisone should be given in                      IV(intravenous) doses. 

Definition:- It is a thinning or shrink of vulva due to estrogen deficiency.  Risk factors or causes of atrophy of vulva:-  1. Smoking 2. No sexual activity 3. No vaginal birth 4. After menopause 5. Peri menopause 6. Surgical menopause 7. After pelvic radiation(in case of CA)  8. After chemotherapy 9. As a side effect of Breast Cancer(CA)  Treatment:- 1. HRT(Hormone replacement therapy)  2. Estrogen supplement 3. Local application of estrogen ointment on vulva

Dacryocystitis is the inflammation or infection of the lacrimal sac(tear sac). Causes:- main cause of Dacryocystitis are Obstruction of NLD(Nasolacrimal duct) Followed by bacterial infection.  Classification of Dacryocystitis or types of Dacryocystitis:- 1. Congenital Dacryocystitis (Dacryocystitis Neonatrum)  2. Acquired Dacryocystitis (Adult Dacryocystitis):- it has two types.                               a. Acute Dacryocystitis                              b. Chronic Dacryocystitis

Acute Dacryocystitis:- This is an acute suppurative inflammation of the Iacrimal sac. Cause:- Obstruction in the NLD leading to stasis of secretion in the sac and secondary infection.  Clinical features:- The patient presents with sudden onset pain and swelling in the area of the sac. It may be associated with systemic features like fever.  Complications are:- Lacrimal abscess, lacrimal fistula, orbital cellulitis.  Treatment includes:-  • Systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory       drugs • Topical antibiotics  • Hot compression given locally  • DCR(Dacryocystorhinostomy) is done 4-6 weeks after the resolution of the acute episode. 

Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. Monkeypox is a rare disease that is caused by infection with monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus.