Medical Study point

Definition:- It is an inflammation of Lacrimal sac due to the chronic obstruction of Nasolacrimal duct(NLD).  Causes:- the main cause of chronic Dacryocystits is obstruction of NLD. Causes of NLD obstruction:- 1. Foreign bodies 2. Stagnation of tears in tear sac 3. Recurrent conjunctivitis may block NLD by        epithelial debris and mucous plug.  4. Nasal polyp  5. Deviated nasal septum(DNS)  6. Tumour 7. Infection (streptococcus, staphylococcus,          pneumococcus)  Clinical features (C/F):- clinical features of Chronic Dacryocystits may be divided 4 stages.  1. Stage of chronic Cattarhal Dacryocystits 2. Stage of Lacrimal Mucocele 3. Stage of chronic Suppurative Dacryocystits 4. Stage of chronic Fibrotic Sac 1. Stage of chronic Cattarhal Dacryocystits:-     a. Watery eyes     b. Regurgitation test:- clear or mucoid fluid            discharge from lower puncta     c. Dacryocystography:- reveals blockage of            NLD 2. Stage of Lacrimal Mucocele:-      a. Constant epiphora

Definition:- presence of infective agent or their toxin into the blood stream with multiplication is called septicaemia.  Clinical features:- 1. Fever with rigor 2. Hypotension 3. Intravascular coagulation deffect 4. Petechial Haemorahge Mode of transmission:- 1. By direct into the blood vessels 2. By infected emboli 3. By direct discharge of infected lymph into          the blood stream.  Investigation:- 1. CBC(complete blood count)  2. ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)  3. Blood culture and sensitivity test 4. Bacteriological examination of blood Treatment:- 1. Immediate administration of suitable                  antibiotics(e.g. aminoglycoside,                            metronidazole etc.)  2. Use of antipyretic drugs 3. Use of IV(intravenous) fluids 4. Blood transfusion in severe cases 5. Hydrocortisone should be given in                      IV(intravenous) doses. 

Definition:- It is a thinning or shrink of vulva due to estrogen deficiency.  Risk factors or causes of atrophy of vulva:-  1. Smoking 2. No sexual activity 3. No vaginal birth 4. After menopause 5. Peri menopause 6. Surgical menopause 7. After pelvic radiation(in case of CA)  8. After chemotherapy 9. As a side effect of Breast Cancer(CA)  Treatment:- 1. HRT(Hormone replacement therapy)  2. Estrogen supplement 3. Local application of estrogen ointment on vulva

Dacryocystitis is the inflammation or infection of the lacrimal sac(tear sac). Causes:- main cause of Dacryocystitis are Obstruction of NLD(Nasolacrimal duct) Followed by bacterial infection.  Classification of Dacryocystitis or types of Dacryocystitis:- 1. Congenital Dacryocystitis (Dacryocystitis Neonatrum)  2. Acquired Dacryocystitis (Adult Dacryocystitis):- it has two types.                               a. Acute Dacryocystitis                              b. Chronic Dacryocystitis

Acute Dacryocystitis:- This is an acute suppurative inflammation of the Iacrimal sac. Cause:- Obstruction in the NLD leading to stasis of secretion in the sac and secondary infection.  Clinical features:- The patient presents with sudden onset pain and swelling in the area of the sac. It may be associated with systemic features like fever.  Complications are:- Lacrimal abscess, lacrimal fistula, orbital cellulitis.  Treatment includes:-  • Systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory       drugs • Topical antibiotics  • Hot compression given locally  • DCR(Dacryocystorhinostomy) is done 4-6 weeks after the resolution of the acute episode. 

Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. Monkeypox is a rare disease that is caused by infection with monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus.